Varicose Veins
Cardiology (12%) Core Clinical Conditions
1B: Able to identify the condition as a possible diagnosis: may not have the knowledge or resources to confirm the diagnosis or to manage the condition safely, but can take measures to avoid immediate deterioration and refer appropriately
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Definition Aetiology Pathophysiology Risk factor Sign and Symptoms Investigations Management
Definition
Varicose veins are enlarged and twisted veins, typically in the legs, that are caused by malfunctioning valves within the veins. These valves normally help to keep blood flowing in the correct direction, but when they become weakened or damaged, blood can flow backwards and pool in the vein. This causes the vein to enlarge and twist, which can lead to symptoms such as swelling, pain, and aching. In some cases, varicose veins can also lead to more serious complications such as blood clots or skin ulcers.
Aetiology
Varicose veins are caused by a malfunction in the valves of the veins, usually in the legs. These valves are responsible for keeping blood flowing in the correct direction (towards the heart), but if they become weakened or damaged, blood can begin to flow in the wrong direction and pool in the veins. This can cause the veins to become enlarged and twisted, leading to the characteristic appearance of varicose veins
Pathophysiology
Varicose veins occur when the valves in the veins that are responsible for keeping blood flowing towards the heart become weakened or damaged. This allows blood to flow in the wrong direction and pool in the veins, causing them to become enlarged and twisted. The increased pressure in the veins can cause the walls of the veins to stretch, leading to the characteristic appearance of varicose veins. The increased pressure in the veins can also cause blood to leak out of the veins and into the surrounding tissue, leading to inflammation and pain. In some cases, varicose veins can also lead to the development of blood clots or ulcers.
Risk factors
There are several risk factors for developing varicose veins, including:
Heredity: If your parents or other family members have varicose veins, you may be more likely to develop them as well.
Pregnancy: Pregnant women are at an increased risk of developing varicose veins due to the increased pressure on the veins in the legs from the growing uterus.
Obesity: Being overweight or obese can put extra pressure on the veins in the legs, increasing the risk of varicose veins.
Prolonged standing or sitting: People who stand or sit for long periods of time, such as those in jobs that require them to be on their feet all day, are at an increased risk of developing varicose veins.
Age: The risk of varicose veins increases with age
Hormonal changes: Some hormonal changes such as menopause, hormonal replacement therapy and birth control pills can also increase the risk of varicose veins.
Trauma or injury to the legs
Blood clots or thrombosis history
Smoking
Lack of physical activity.
Sign and symptoms
The signs and symptoms of varicose veins include:
Visible, swollen veins on the legs, which are often blue or dark purple in colour.
Aching or heavy feeling in the legs, especially after standing or sitting for long periods of time.
Itching or burning sensation around the affected veins.
Swelling in the legs or ankles.
Cramping or muscle fatigue in the legs.
Restless legs
Dry or thickened skin over the affected veins
Discoloration or pigmentation changes around the affected veins
Skin ulcers around the ankle area
Varicose eczema- an itchy, red, dry and scaly rash on the skin near the varicose veins
Investigations
Doppler ultrasound: This is a non-invasive test that uses sound waves to create images of the blood flow in the veins. It can help to identify any blood clots or blockages in the veins.
Management
There are several treatment options available for varicose veins, including:
Compression stockings: These tight-fitting stockings apply pressure to the legs to help improve blood flow and reduce swelling. They are often recommended as a first-line treatment for mild to moderate varicose veins.
Lifestyle changes: Simple changes in lifestyle such as regular exercise, maintaining a healthy weight, and avoiding prolonged standing or sitting can help to reduce the symptoms of varicose veins.
Simple analgesia.
referral to Vascular. They may consider surgery.
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