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Tetralogy of Fallot
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Definition Aetiology Pathophysiology Risk factor Sign and Symptoms Investigations Management
Definition
Tetralogy of fallot is a congenital heart defect with 4 features: an overriding aorta, pulmonary stenosis, large ventricular septal defect and right ventricular hypertrophy.
Aetiology
Combination of genetic and environmental factors.
Pathophysiology
As a result of the numerous heart abnormalities, the right ventricle pressure increased, resulting in less oxygenated blood being pumped to the lungs. This results in decreased perfusion to the body and cyanosis, characterised by the skin and mucous membranes taking on a bluish skin colour.
Risk factors
A history of congenital heart defects in the family.
Utilisation of specific medications during pregnancy.
Some genetic disorders.
Sign and symptoms
Cyanosis.
Shortness of breath (SOB).
Fatigue.
Heart murmur.
Failure to thrive.
Investigations
Foetal screening ECHO.
Physical exam: severe cyanosis at birth.
Antenatal uss - performed in suspected mothers.
CXR ( boot-shaped heart ).
ECG: RBBB (after surgery).
Management
Emergency surgery.
If surgery can’t be performed immediately, symptom relieve e.g oxygen therapy, painkiller and beta-blockers.
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