Prostatitis
Definition | Aetiology | Pathophysiology | Risk Factors | Signs and Symptoms | Investigations | Management
Definition
Prostatitis is inflammation of the prostate gland, which can be due to infection, autoimmune reactions, or chronic pelvic pain syndrome. It is classified into four main types:
- Acute bacterial prostatitis (ABP): sudden bacterial infection of the prostate.
- Chronic bacterial prostatitis (CBP): recurrent or persistent bacterial infection.
- Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS): most common type, often non-infectious.
- Asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis: inflammation found incidentally without symptoms.
Aetiology
1. Infectious Causes:
- Bacterial:
- Escherichia coli (most common cause).
- Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas (seen in catheterised patients).
- Proteus mirabilis (common in recurrent UTIs).
- Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs):
- Chlamydia trachomatis
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- Trichomonas vaginalis
2. Non-Infectious Causes (CP/CPPS):
- Autoimmune response.
- Neuromuscular dysfunction.
- Pelvic floor muscle dysfunction.
- Chronic stress or psychological factors.
Pathophysiology
- Bacterial prostatitis results from ascending infection via the urethra.
- Inflammatory cytokines lead to swelling, pain, and urinary symptoms.
- In CP/CPPS, inflammation may be due to immune-mediated reactions without bacterial involvement.
- Recurrent infections may lead to fibrosis and chronic pain.
Risk Factors
- Urinary tract infections (UTIs).
- Indwelling urinary catheter.
- Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
- Sexually transmitted infections.
- Pelvic trauma or surgery.
- Immunosuppression (e.g., diabetes, HIV).
Signs and Symptoms
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis (ABP):
- Fever >38°C and chills.
- Severe perineal, rectal, or lower back pain.
- Dysuria: painful urination.
- Urinary urgency and frequency.
- Haematuria: blood in the urine.
- Suprapubic tenderness.
Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis (CBP):
- Recurrent UTIs with similar bacterial strains.
- Perineal discomfort.
- Ejaculatory pain.
- Dysuria and urinary hesitancy.
Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome (CP/CPPS):
- Pelvic pain >3 months.
- Sexual dysfunction or pain during ejaculation.
- Variable urinary symptoms.
Investigations
- Urinalysis:
- Leukocytes and nitrites suggest infection.
- Blood in urine may be present.
- Urine Culture:
- Essential in bacterial prostatitis to identify causative organism.
- Repeated cultures in chronic prostatitis.
- Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA):
- May be elevated due to inflammation.
- Not reliable for prostate cancer diagnosis during infection.
- Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS):
- Assesses prostatic abscess or structural abnormalities.
- Four Glass Test (Rarely Used):
- Sequential urine and prostatic secretion samples for bacterial localisation.
Management
1. Acute Bacterial Prostatitis (ABP):
- First line: ciprofloxacin 500mg BD or Trimethoprim 200mg BD for 14 days.
- Severe cases: IV antibiotics (Gentamicin + Co-amoxiclav).
- Supportive care: hydration, analgesia (paracetamol, NSAIDs).
2. Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis (CBP):
- First line: ciprofloxacin 500mg BD for 4–6 weeks.
- Alternative: trimethoprim 200mg BD if fluoroquinolone resistance.
- Consider alpha-blockers (Tamsulosin) to improve urinary symptoms.
3. Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome (CP/CPPS):
- Multimodal approach: pain relief, physiotherapy, and lifestyle changes.
- NSAIDs: for pain control.
- Alpha-blockers (Tamsulosin): may relieve urinary symptoms.
- Amitriptyline/Gabapentin: neuropathic pain relief.
- Pelvic floor physiotherapy: beneficial in muscular dysfunction.
4. Refractory Cases:
- Refer to urology for further evaluation.
- Consider transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) in severe cases.