Acute Bronchitis
Respiratory (12%) Core Clinical Conditions
1A: Able to diagnose and manage
Jump to content
Definition Aetiology Pathophysiology Risk factor Sign and Symptoms Investigations Management
Definition
Acute Bronchitis is an inflammation of the lung's bronchi. It is generally caused by a virus and affects infants and toddlers (children under the age of one).
Aetiology
Viral: influenza virus or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
Bacteria (rare): if previous health conditions
Pathophysiology
Infection by a virus or bacteria.
The infectious agent invades the lining of the bronchial tubes.
This activates the immune system, which causes inflammation of the bronchial tubes.
Increased bronchial mucus production to try to trap/remove infection.
Bronchial constriction which may cause wheezing and shortness of breath.
Cough reflex.
(most cases) infection cleared and returned to normal state.
If not resolved - progression to pneumonia, or worsening of asthma/COPD.
Risk factors
Age: young individuals and elderly are more at risk.
Weak immune system: those with chronic conditions such as diabetes, COPD, asthma, HIV/AIDs etc.
Smoking.
Sign and symptoms
Fever
Tachypnoea
Shortness of breath
Hypoxia
Cough
Wheeze
In children you may observe symptoms of respiratory distress: tracheal tug, Intercostal recession and cyanosis
Diagnosis and investigations
Blood test: full blood count (FBC), this will display raised white cell count (WCC) which may indicate infection.
Physical examination: respiratory examination, pulse oximetry, blood pressure check.
Chest X-ray: can help rule out pneumonia.
polymerase chain reaction (PCR): a swab can be performed and sent for PCR test to check for the specific causative agent.
Management
Supportive care: most cases are self-limiting. Adequate hydration and over the counter medications may help with the symptoms.
Antibiotics may be considered if complications of pneumonia.
Hospital admission if severe: patient may be commenced on oxygen therapy, IV or oral antibiotics or nebulizer.
Checkout How to take a history of Cough
Click to be redirected
Check out our youtube channel
